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1. 40 Inventive Principles
According to TRIZ all the inventions are made out of forty and only forty
principles, which are called Inventive Principles. Applying 40 principles is
the most powerful technique in TRIZ.
The principles can be applied directly as solution triggers,
or can be applied after finding a
contradiction. Any contradiction can be eliminated by applying a single or
multiple Inventive Principles.
The Inventive Principles are very basic in TRIZ methodology and all
TRIZ people must understand their applicability.
[Please go to our Inventive Principles
section in order to read more on the topic.
2. Contradictions
The concept of Contradiction is central to the TRIZ tool-kit. A contradiction
happens when two different parameters conflict to each other. The parameters
may conflict in space or time. It is important to identify where the conflict
takes place.
The contradictions may be physical or Technical. A physical contradiction
creats a conflict with the same parameters. For example, the cofee cup should be
hot to keep the cofee hot and the cofee cup should be cold to be hold by the
user. Here the same parameter "heat" needs to be high and low, so a physical
contradiction. In this case the problem is solved by making the inside of the cup
hot and outside of the cup cold (spacial segmentation).
To site another example, the umbrella should be large to protect from rain and
the same should be small to be carried easily. This physical contradiction is
resolved by segmenting in time. By making the umbrella collapsible, the same
becomes small while carried.
A technical contradcition takes place where different parameters conflict
each other. For example, the motor should move fast, but should not generate heat.
All contradictions are solved by using Inventive principles and other TRIZ techniques.
[Please go to our section on 39 Parameters
in order to read more on the topic.
2a. Contradiction Matrix
TRIZ provides a tool called contradiction matrix, which presents all contradiction
parameters in the form of a tabular matrix. The x axis of the matrix shows all
improving parameters and y axis of the matrix shows all worsening parameters.
Each cell of the matrix shows the inventive Principles which can be used to
solve that particular contradiction.
[You may click here to view Contradiction
Matrix in a separate window.]
3. Ideality
Ideality is the ultimate stage of any evolution or the ultimate solution to any
problem. All systems (products/organisations etc.) move towards ideality
over period of time. Although the ultimate ideality may be unachievable, the
measurement of ideality is done by the formula "benefits /(Costs + Harms)".
Increasing ideality means "increase in benefits", "decrease in costs" and
"decrease in harms".
While defining the Ideal system, we keep in mind that, it should have
everything positive, good and nice and should not have anything
negative, contradictory and undired. The ideal system should not be
ideal only for user or manufacturer, it should be ideal for everyone,
user, manufacturer, designing engineer and all. In brief the ideal system :
- should have all the benefits of the current system.
- should have benefits other than the current system
- should have no limitations of the current system
- should not include any new limitations or difficulties.
4. Inventive Standards
Inventive stadards are designed to solve complex problems. They are structured
rules for synthesis and reconstruction of technical systems. They are effective
in s-field modeling. Altshuller offered 72 Standards divided into five groups:
- Group 1: Built or destroy S-Fields
- Group 2: Develop an S-Fields
- Group 3: Transition from the basic system to the super system or to the subsystem
- Group 4: Measure or detect anything within a technical system
- Group 5: Rules how to introduce substances or field into the technical system
Standard Solutions is a collection of ready-made, highly domain-specific
standard solutions and physical effects. These solutions help inventors
to solve standard problems, as the name says. The solutions are logically organised in
standards and effects, hence easy for computerized application.
Inventive standards are voluminous and difficult to apply. They need
substantial understanding of all the standards and experince of applying
the standards. Inventive standards is disputed by many TRIZ practitioners.
[You may go to our
Inventive Standards to read more on this tool.]
5. Trends of Evolution
All products, all processes, all technical systems evolve over time. Evolution is
essential and desirable as higher evolution means higher efficiency and better product.
TRIZ researchers have analysed the technical evolution and found the generic
trends or patterns of these evolution.
TRIZ offers us ways of seeing how all products and industries develop.
Using Trends of Evolution we can predict the new markets and new products.
The Trends of Evolution map the general directions of product or system development.
TRIZ Trends are based on Ideality to some extent. The features of the ideal
product is kept at the end of the evolution. All stages between the current
features and ideal features are stages of evolution.
According to Altshuller there are 9 generic trends which all technical
systems follow while moving towards their ideality. Those nine trends are
as follows.
- Trend of the Completeness of Parts of the System
- Trend of Energy Conductivity of a System
- Trend of Harmonizing the Rhythm of the Parts of the System
- Trend of Increasing the degree of Idealness of the System
- Trend of Uneven Development of Parts of the System
- Transition to a super-system
- Dynamization
- Trend of the Transition from macro to micro level
- Trend of Increasing the S-Field development
Trends are used as forecasting tool and failure analysis for development
and evolution of technical system.
[Please visit our
Trends of Evolution section to read more on this technique.]
6. Resources
Identification of available resources around any problem is essential
for finding good, cost effective, environmentally friendly solutions.
Unlike any other problem solving technique the TRIZ definition
of a resource is all-encompassing and focuses even on apparently
negative or harmful resources.
Thinking about symmetry, smell, colour or surface finish as
resources rather than just things that exist in the system
helps you learn how to identify, transform and then use all the
resources to focus on cost reduction and produce elegant, clever solutions.
[Please visit our
Resources section to read more on this technique.]
7. Functional Analysis
This is the TRIZ discipline and process for describing the system
containing the problem(s) in all its detail by listing all the components
and all their interactions. TRIZ Functional Analysis is unique in that it
includes all the negative, ineffective and excessive interactions in the system,
and this is key to a proper understanding of the problems and
potential solution points in the system.
All interactions are expressed as Subject-Action-Object and it
is important to use simple, clear language (no acronyms)
in order to be able to structure the problem correctly.
Correct use of this tool allows direct access to the world’s knowledge
(which is structured along similar lines) to locate the best solutions.
Once the problems have been identified from the Functional Analysis diagram we try to simplify the system using the Trimming Rules. Often this step will eliminate problems but it also of course reduces the cost of the system and increases its ideality.
After trimming we select one of the remaining problems to
solve and identify where we can solve it (in time and space).
The range of possibilities constitutes your solution map,
and you choose which type of solution to try for according to
what constraints you have.
8. S-Fields
According to Altshuller, each function consists of "Substances" and "Field".
A substance"substance" could be any material thing like a car, a wheel or a cycle.
A field represent a source of energy, and is usually identified by the type of energy
employed, such as mechanical, chemical, thermal etc. Substances are symbolized by "S"
and Fields by "F". That is why these functions are called "S-Field" or "Su-Field".
In the s-field model, the substances interacts with each other and with the field.
These interactions are pictorised in different type of lines. The following are
a set of accepted line patterns for s-field interactions.
Altshuller’s Substance-Field Analysis offers innovative solutions to
inventive problems, but many people find the method tedious,
hard to understand and difficult to remember when solving problems.
S-Field is very useful in some cases but not applicable in all kind of
of problems. Many TRIZ professionals use this tool
on a second priority when other tools like principles and contradictions are
not very effective.
9. System Operator
According to System Operator, we have to take into account not only the system itself
but also its super-system and sub-systems. For each of these super-system,
system and sub-systems, we take into account the past, present and future.
Thus the tool consists of 9 windows, which helps finding the correct problem.
The system operator is used to identify the problem correctly. Besides the
Present, Past and Future windows show the trend of the system development.
10. ARIZ
ARIZ is the Russian Acronym for "Algorithm of Inventive Problem Solving".
ARIZ is the analytical tool of TRIZ used for defining a problem through
problem defining algorithm. ARIZ has different versions. The most
recent version of ARIZ (ARIZ85C) contains nine steps as below.
I. Restructuring of the Original Problem
- Analysis of the system, which helps to define the basic function of the system and the root conflict that is worth solving.
- Analysis of the resources of the system includes analysis of the zone where the selected conflict happens, periods when it happens and objects and energy that system has.
- Define the Ideal Final Result and Formulate the Physical Contradiction
II. Removing the Physical Contradiction
- Separate the Physical Contradiction-which includes application of one of six rules to separate conflicting requirements.
- Apply the Knowledge Base: Effects, Standards, and Principles
- Change or reformulate the problem
III. Analyzing the Solution
- Review the Solution and Analyze the Removal of the Physical Contradiction,
- Develop Maximum Usage of the Solution,
- Review all the Stages in ARIZ in "Real Time" Application.
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